COOLING SYSTEM

A system, which controls the engine temperature, is known as a cooling system.

NECESSITY OF COOLING SYSTEM

The cooling system is provided in the IC engine for the following reasons: •

The temperature of the burning gases in the engine cylinder reaches up to 1500 to 2000°C, which is above the melting point of the material of the cylinder body and head of the engine. (Platinum, a metal which has one of the highest melting points, melts at 1750 °C, iron at 1530°C and aluminium at 657°C.) Therefore, if the heat is not dissipated, it would result in the failure of the cylinder material.

Due to very high temperatures, the film of the lubricating oil will get oxidized, thus producing carbon deposits on the surface. This will result in piston seizure.

Due to overheating, large temperature differences may lead to a distortion of the engine components due to the thermal stresses set up. This makes it necessary for, the temperature variation to be kept to a minimum.

Higher temperatures also lower the volumetric efficiency of the engine.

REQUIREMENTS OF EFFICIENT COOLING SYSTEM

The two main requirements of an efficient cooling system are: 1. It must be capable of removing only about 30% of the heat generated in the combustion chamber. Too much removal of heat lowers the thermal efficiency of the engine. 2. It should remove heat at a fast rate when the engine is hot. During the starting of the engine, the cooling should be very slow so that the different working parts reach their operating temperatures in a short time.

TYPES OF COOLING SYSTEM

There are two types of cooling systems:

(i) Air cooling system and
(ii) Water-cooling system.

AIR COOLING SYSTEM

In this type of cooling system, the heat, which is conducted to the outer parts of the engine, is radiated and conducted away by the stream of air, which is obtained from the atmosphere. In order to have efficient cooling by means of air, providing fins around the cylinder and cylinder head increases the contact area. The fins are metallic ridges, which are formed during the casting of the cylinder and cylinder head.

The amount of heat carried off by the air-cooling depends upon the following factors:

(i) The total area of the fin surfaces,
(ii) The velocity and amount of the cooling air and
(iii) The temperature of the fins and of the cooling air.

Air-cooling is mostly tractors of less horsepower, motorcycles, scooters, small cars and small aircraft engines where the forward motion of the machine gives good velocity to cool the engine. Air-cooling is also provided in some small industrial engines. In this system, individual cylinders are generally employed to provide ample cooling area by providing fins. A blower is used to provide air.

Advantages of Air Cooled Engines Air cooled engines have the following advantages:

1. Its design of air-cooled engine is simple.

2. It is lighter in weight than water-cooled engines due to the absence of water jackets, radiator, circulating pump and the weight of the cooling water.

3. It is cheaper to manufacture.

4. It needs less care and maintenance.

5. This system of cooling is particularly advantageous where there are extreme climatic conditions in the arctic or where there is scarcity of water as in deserts.

6. No risk of damage from frost, such as cracking of cylinder jackets or radiator water tubes.

WATER COOLING SYSTEM

It serves two purposes in the working of an engine:

a) It takes away the excessive heat generated in the engine and saves it from over heating.

b) It keeps the engine at working temperature for efficient and economical working.

This cooling system has four types of systems:

(i) Direct or non-return system,

(ii) Thermo-Syphone system,

(iii) Hopper system and

(iv) Pump/forced circulation system.

Though the present tractor has a forced circulation system, it is still worthwhile to get acquainted with the other three systems.

Non-Return Water Cooling System

This is suitable for large installations and where plenty of water is available. The water from a storage tank is directly supplied to the engine cylinder. The hot water is not cooled for reuse but simply discharges. The low H.P. engine, coupled with the irrigation pump is an example. Thermo-Syphone Water Cooling System This system works on the principle that hot water being lighter rises up and the cold water being heavier goes down. In this system the radiator is placed at a higher level than the engine for the easy flow of water towards the engine. Heat is conducted to the water jackets from where it is taken away due to convection by the circulating water. As the water jacket becomes hot, it rises to the top of the radiator. Cold water from the radiator takes the place of the rising hot water and in this way a circulation of water is set up m the system.

This helps in keeping the engine at working temperature. Disadvantages of Thermo-Syphone System.

1.Rate of circulation is too slow.

2. Circulation commences only when there is a marked difference in temperature.

3. Circulation stops as the level of water falls below the top of the delivery pipe of the radiator. For these reasons this system has become obsolete and is no more in use.

Hopper Water Cooling System

This also works on the same principle as the thermo -syphone system. In this there is a hopper on a jacket containing water, which surrounds the engine cylinder. In this system, as soon as water starts boiling, it is replaced by cold water. An engine fitted with this system cannot run for several hours without it being refilled with water.

Force Circulation Water Cooling System

This system is similar in construction to the thermo- syphone system except that it makes use of a centrifugal pump to circulate the water throughout the water jackets and radiator.

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Basic Car Repair and Maintenance

To protect what is probably the second-largest single investment you’ll ever make, it is worth some effort to familiarize yourself with the basic systems that make a car run. In this way, you should be able to identify and correct problems before they become costly and possibly dangerous.

But even when you cannot make a repair yourself, your knowledge may help you get better service or lower repair charges, or both, from a professional because the quality of information you are able to provide will help him in diagnosing the source of the problem quickly and accurately.

The aim of this chapter, then, is to explain in non-technical language how a modern family car works. Your car is composed of a variety of systems, each with many oper- ating parts. Through normal usage, many of the 15,000 total parts in your car gradually deteriorate. Some wear out sooner than others be- cause they work harder (spark plugs, for example), while many can last the lifetime of the car.

The performance of each system, such as brakes, steering, suspension, ignition, and carburetion, depends not only on the condition of all of its own parts, but also on the proper functioning of other related systems.

If, for example, a hose breaks in the cooling system, the overheating that results can damage the en- gine, electrical, and lubrication systems. Fr safety’s sake, you should become sensitive to the earliest warnings in each system and check them out immediately.  As systems begin to fail, your driving attitude probably changes. Most drivers tend unconsciously to adjust th~ir driving habits. When the brakes show signs of going soft, do you begin to pump them? Or, if the car is pulling to one side, are you correcting for it by steering differently? Keep in mind that you are dealing with a potentially haz- ardous condition that needs to be corrected by adjustments to the car, not by adjusting your driving habits.
Some trouble signs are visible; others give warning through changes in sound, sudden or gradual, or can be detected by the way the car handles.

After reading this chapter, you will be better able to tune your senses to symptoms of failure and locate the problem.

You can then decide whether to do your own troubleshooting or to take your car in for service, If you do nothing else, just following the regu- lar maintenance procedures as prescribed in this website will not only help you achieve maximum car performance and safety, but may also spare you the expense of avoidable repairs.

If you can afford to buy a new car every year and take it to a mechan- ic every time it hiccups, you don’t even have to know how it works, much less be able to fix it.

But if you are trying to get the most out of the transportation you already own, it pays to find out what makes your two-ton, mile-a-minute investment tick. Even if you don’t make most repairs yourself, it doesn’t hurt to know what is making all those mysterious ticking sounds, clunks, roars, hums, and squeals; to know where they are coming from; and to know whether they are telling you to make an adjustment or not. At the very least, if you know how to perform simple maintenance checks, you can prevent or delay breakdowns.

Also, if you understand something about how a car works you can describe a problem to a professional mechanic in a way that may save some high-priced time while he tries to trace it.

The big pay-off, though, comes in doing the kind of repair jobs your- self that can be handled safely in your spare time.

Electrical System

🏁 A battery is charged by passing an electric current from a battery charger into the battery.

🏁 When electricity flows into the battery, a chemical reaction occurs and the specific gravity of the battery electrolyte rises. During the reaction, flammable gas is generated.

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Electrical Circuit

All you need to be an inventor is a good imagination and a pile of Junk.....

                    - Thomas Edison

🏙  There is no city without Electricity.

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Engine Brake

WHAT IS ENGINE BRAKING IN A CAR

Engine braking is what occurs when a driver removes their foot from the accelerator to allow the vehicle to slow down due to the compression and friction from moving parts of the engine slowing the vehicle.

Engine braking is further increased by downshifting gears in a manual car. Engine braking has benefits in certain circumstances such as driving downhill and a combination of engine braking and foot brake is essential for safe driving and economically, can reduce costs.

We all use engine braking on some level, whether we realise it or not. Explained are the advantages, disadvantages of engine braking and how to engine brake – hopefully giving a thorough understanding of the question ‘what is engine braking’.

HOW TO ENGINE BRAKE

Is engine braking good or bad? If done correctly and used appropriately, engine braking is good and can benefit in terms of increased safety whilst driving. Here are some examples of when to use engine braking and how to engine brake.

ENGINE BRAKING DOWNHILL

Whilst driving downhill a vehicles momentum will increase due to gravity. Heavier use of the vehicles brakes than usual is needed in order to slow the vehicles progress. Under heavy braking, brake fade can occur. Brake fade is a result of overheating and reduces friction between the brake pads and discs. The reduction in the effectiveness of brakes is dangerous and is often more common in larger vehicles.

Learning how to engine brake downhill significantly reduces brake fade and will increase the lifespan of your brake pads and discs. Traveling downhill in 2nd or 3rd gear will use engine brake to keep your cars speed reduced. The steeper the hill, the lower the gear. Automatic cars are no exception. Select ‘2’ or ‘1’ for steeper hills on the lever. This will have the same effect as 2nd gear on a manual vehicle.

ENGINE BRAKING IN SNOW AND ICE

Engine braking whilst driving on snow and ice is a safer method of slowing a vehicle compared to using the brakes

Unlike driving down a steep hill where you need to reduce foot brake usage due to wear and overheating, driving on snow and ice requires little foot brake usage to reduce the possibility of skidding.

Driving on snow or ice is of course hazardous and using the brakes even slightly too harshly can lead to a loss of traction between the road surface and tyres. Engine braking helps to slow the car down much slower and safely than using the foot brake.

Engine braking on snow and ice requires observation of potential hazards such as bends in the road and stopping up ahead – such as a junction much sooner than usual.

As soon as a potential hazard has been spotted up ahead, remove your foot from the accelerator and allow the car to gently slow down. To increase the effect of engine braking, run down through the gears as the car reduces speed. For tips on driving safely in snow and ice, see:

ENGINE BRAKING DURING NORMAL DRIVING

Years ago it was considered ideal when slowing down or coming to a stop in a car, to use engine braking as the primary source of slowing or stopping. During a driving test for example, the driving examiner wouldn’t be too impressed by a driver constantly using the gears as a means to slow down as the brake is the preferred method in modern driving.

The issue with engine braking and using the gears to slow the vehicle is that one of the drivers hands spends a good deal of time on the gear stick, where it would be better placed on the steering wheel. A certain amount of a drivers attention will be devoted to these downward gear shifts that would otherwise be better placed on the road ahead.

This is an examiners way of thinking. Another issue is the extra wear on the clutch plates when using the gears to slow down instead of the brakes. Brake pads are cheaper to replace than a new clutch.

We do of course need to change down gear frequently as the speed of the car changes, but limit this for situations such as coming to a stop. An ideal solution is to use a combination of engine brake and foot brake. Reading the road well ahead and anticipating a stop at a red light for example allows a driver to ease off the accelerator and allow the engine to slow the vehicle along with light braking. Most modern cars do not require changing down gears and can quite happily come to a stop in 5th gear, block changing directly from 5th to 1st a few metres from stopping. This will allow for both hands on the steering wheel, the drivers attention on the road and less wear on the clutch.

IS ENGINE BRAKING BAD FOR THE CAR

Engine braking does not cause any damage to the car. Excessive engine braking and changing down gears to slow the car will increase clutch wear.

ADVANTAGES OF ENGINE BRAKING

If done correctly with a combination of the foot brake, it would mean the driver is paying attention to the road well ahead and is therefore safer driving. Proper engine brake / foot brake combination reduces wear on car components and increases fuel economy. Often when gently slowing the car down well before you reach a certain stop such as a red light, the situation has changed before you get there, meaning it’s not necessary to stop. Moving a vehicle off from a stationary position is a great deal of work for an engine and uses considerable fuel.

DISADVANTAGES OF USING ENGINE BRAKING

Engine braking is not bad for your car, although excessive use when changing down to slow the car will increase wear on the clutch plates.

Overview

🚦Features and Benefits.

🚦 What an Engine Brakes.

🚦 How an Engine Brake Works.

🚦 What an Engine Brake Works.

🚦 Why a Jake Brake ( Engine Brake ) ?

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Basic Diesel Fuel and Fuel Analysis

Overview

⛽ Fuel System Types.

⛽ Fuel Classifications.

⛽ Fuel Properties.

⛽ Fuel Testes.

⛽ Contamination.

⛽ Diesel Additives.

⛽ Fuel Testing.

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Engine Design

There are Following Basic Parts of Engine Design.

👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇

♣ How does an engine works.

♣ What engine we plan to use.

♣ Planned Modification.

♣ Adaptronic.

♣ Intake.

♣ Intake Design.

♣ Volumetric Efficiency.

♣ Power Mods.

♣ Exhaust System.

♣ Material.

♣ Design.

♣ Fabrication.

♣ Tuning.

♣ Muffler.

♣ Cost Analysis.

♣ Engine Tuning.

♣ Equipment.

♣ How does it keep the engine safe.

♣ How is Tuning Does.

♣ How does it gets maximum power.

♣ How does it improve fuel economy.

♣ How does it improve drivability.

♣ Space , Safety , misc equipment.

♣ Step to get that is not being got.

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